Talk to leaders today and they will tell you their role is constrained and undermined as never before.

Leaders are still accountable, but they are less in control.

The transformation of our systems of production, governance and management brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution mean that many leaders today operate in conditions of ‘radical uncertainty’: a context in which they cannot describe accurately the characteristics of the situations they are in. Past approaches to problems may not be relevant and the consequences of their actions are not predictable.